I regard Cycling: the way ahead as a bit of a bible, I suppose, and like any good bible, every time I look into it, I discover something new.
This is from the fourth chapter of the handbook, and I hope people don't mind, but because it is not written by native English-speakers, I have abridged it somewhat.
Safety: a responsibility
The risk of an accident is the only theoretical drawback to cycling. But what is the true situation? It has now been proved that, for certain age groups, cars present a much more significant risk to an individual's safety than bicycles.
The certain benefits to health and quality of life that cycling brings far outweigh any possible risks to life and limb. However, be that as it may, any policy to promote cycling must minimise the risks to cyclists. By what means? Are cycle tracks the only byword for safety? Scientific research based on the experiences of many towns has shown that cyclists’ safety can also be guaranteed on the roadway. How?
Defending cycling is a rational choice
It is certainly true that there are too many accidents which involve cyclists. But a great number of errors are made when comparing statistics, and when taking measures which are supposed to improve cyclists’ safety.
Danger is a relative concept
Safety is a real problem for cyclists; as much, indeed, as it is for pedestrians.
Moving around among vehicles which are often travelling substantially faster, cyclists and pedestrians are at the mercy of car drivers. However, statistics show that received opinion is not always correct. For example, if you calculate risk by age group and make reasonable statistical corrections, you find that for cyclists aged between 18 and 50, the overall chance of an accident is low.
Of all road users in the built-up area, motorists are the best protected. They also present the most danger to pedestrians and cyclists. The threat which motorists impose on others increases in an exponential way with speed.
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| Cycle tracks offer one way of providing cycle safety. Image from Cambridge Cycling Campaign |
Integrating the notion of benefits for health
A BMA report which looked at all the various forms of physical exercise that people take part in on a daily basis (walking, jogging, swimming and cycling) concluded with a reproach to the authorities for not promoting cycling. The BMA claimed that the government was putting the health of the country at risk through its inaction.
The report noted that the advantages of cycling for public health (a healthy life through regular exercise) far outweigh its disadvantages (the risk of accidents). Indeed, for many people, the bicycle is the only practical way of regularly taking moderate exercise. (Shockingly, a person who takes no regular physical exercise is as much at risk of a coronary heart disease as a smoker on 20 a day.)
While it is as beneficial as swimming, cycling is much easier to do, as it does not require the setting aside of a particular hour, and the public equipment needed—roads—already exist everywhere, and require only a few adaptations. Encouragingly, two bike trips a day, each of about 15 minutes, are enough to guarantee a healthy heart! (As for pollution, we now know that motorists suffer from it a great deal more than cyclists.)
The BMA report advocates an increase in the provision of more cycle routes and parking areas for bicycles, the cutting down of traffic, the reducing of speed and the promotion of an awareness campaign aimed at making drivers more respectful of cyclists.
Combining safety measures
Providing for the safety of cyclists is a necessary prerequisite of any policy which seeks to promote cycling as a daily mode of transport.
A large number of potential cyclists are already thinking about cycling today, but before they get back into their saddles, they want to see some movement from the public authorities: a message, perhaps, along the lines of: "It’s safe to ride a bike, and it's going to get safer—your area authority know what needs to be done, and is taking care of it."
Safety/speed ratio
Roads are multifunctional spaces, and as such, they need to be shared fairly among all users. The idea of moderating traffic is therefore a necessary consequence of adapting car traffic to other road users, and this means, for example, crossing facilities for pedestrians, commercial areas for shops and cafés, places for people to socialise and chat, or for children to play, and above all, living spaces.
A speed of 20mph is compatible with all the many activities which have to coexist in a town. At this speed, trips in cars hardly take any longer than if they are made with occasional speed peaks. The sound level drops considerably. Motorists are better able to perceive their environment and can react more swiftly to unexpected events. Traffic accidents are less serious and the traffic is altogether calmer.
Speed moderation has a marked effect on the perception pedestrians and cyclists have of the urban space, but somewhat surprisingly, the negative impact on motorists is barely noticeable. On average, a trip by car which takes 15 minutes, say, in a town where the speed limit is 30mph is, in effect, simply lengthened by about a minute if the speed limit in the town is 20mph.
Safety training for cyclists and motorists
Cyclists are relatively slow, not very visible and somewhat vulnerable compared with other, heavier road users. Therefore, a cyclist’s safety depends on the physical features of his route (good road surface, clear signs and signals, possible separation from different types of traffic), and also, to a large extent, on his physical abilities, know-how and experience (ability to anticipate). It depends on the behaviour of motorists as well.
Motorists or the drivers of heavy vehicles should, when learning to drive, be taught how to take account of the behaviour of, and the specific problems associated with, cyclists.
The function of facilities
According to physical aptitude—balance, agility, rapidity of reflexes and clarity of perception—the adult cyclist will intuitively choose his or her own routes. Cyclists must therefore be enabled to circulate freely on both secondary roads and major routes.
Children are a different kettle of fish. Less capable than adults at choosing their own itinerary, they need guidance and various facilities all along their route. Routes leading to schools merit particular attention, therefore (parents and schoolchildren are very good at advising on possible improvements).
In the town of Courtrai in Belgium, the town council has paid special attention to these routes, particularly during peak traffic times. For example, some streets are now closed to traffic in one direction, and at other places, where no special facilities are in place, policemen are posted on duty. As a result of measures like these, 60% of the journeys to school are being made by bicycle.
The role of the police: applying the rules
When introducing facilities for cyclists, it is preferable to provide for a situation whereby motorists are not able to block said facilities through negligence. In situations where no protection against abuse is possible, however, the police have to intervene systematically to ensure that cycle tracks or lanes are respected, without which they become a loss-making investment. In cases where cycle tracks or lanes become unusable—through careless parking or through holes in the roadway—the loss may be heavy, both financially and in terms of image.
